Lanthanum La
Lanthanum, with a silvery white appearance, is the first element of the lanthanide series. It is incorporated to glasses to produce special optical glasses such as telescope lenses. Large quantities of lanthanum are used to produce rechargeable batteries for hybrid automobiles. For example, a Toyota Prius requires 22-33 lb of lanthanum for its battery. Lanthanum compounds are also used in wastewater treatment and renal failure treatment.
Cerium, a soft, silvery and ductile metal, is the most abundant of the rare earth elements. It also has numerous applications. For example, cerium (III) oxide is used as a catalyst for the oxidation of CO emissions from motor vehicles, while cerium oxide (IV) is used for precision polishing of optical componets. Cerium compounds are also used in producing glass. Cerium can also be add to aluminum, iron and magnesium alloys to their properties.
Praseodymium, a silvery and soft metal, is valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical and optical properties. It has a variety of applications in different fields. For example, together with neodymium, Praseodymium is used to create high-power magnets. It can be used to alloy with magnesium to produce high-strength metals for aircraft engines. It is also used to color different types of glasses.
Neodymium, another soft and silvery metal, was firstly used for glass coloration. It is still a popular additive in glasses. Neodymium is also used to make some of the strongest permanent magnets. These magnets are widely used in electrical motors, generators and some other electronics such as microphones, loudspeakers and computer hard disks. Neodymium is also used with other substrate crystals to make high-powered infrared lasers.
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Samarium, a moderately hard silvery metal, also has a wide variety of applications. For example, samarium-cobalt magnets have high permanent magnetization and thermal stability. They are used in small motors, headphones and musical instruments. Samarium compounds are used as efficient catalysts for different reactions such as decomposition of plastics and dehydration of ethanol. Samarium-153 is used for cancer treatments, while samarium-149 is an efficient neutron capture with applications in nuclear reactors.
